Polyculture crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson,1974) et poisson Siganus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1835) : Faisabilité technique et effets sur le fonctionnement écologique des bassins d’élevage de crevettes

World aquaculture production of food-fish (fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles (except crocodiles), sea cucumber, sea urchin, etc.) for human consumption reached 62.7 million tonnes in 2011 (Fig. 1.1), up by 4.7% from 59.9 million tonnes in 2010 and 81.2% from 34.6 million tonnes in 2001 (FAO 2012, 2013a). Aquaculture continues to be the fastest-growing, impressive and important production sector for high-protein food. In the period 1980 – 2011, world food fish production of aquaculture has increased by over 13 times (from 4.7 to 62.7 million tonnes), at an average annual growth rate of 8.8% (FAO 2012,2013a). Since the mid-1990s, aquaculture has been the dynamic promoting growth in total fish production as global capture production has stagnated. Its contributions to world total fish production climbed steadily from 20.9% in 1995 to 32.4% in 2005 and 40.3% in 2010, and to world food fish production for human consumption was 47% in 2010 compared with only 9% in 1980 (FAO, 2012). It is further estimated by 2020 more than 50% of global food fish consumption will derive from aquaculture due to static global capture fishery production and a growing population (FAO, 2010). Aquaculture expansion has already raised many concerns on environmental and social impacts. The environmental effects include the destruction of coastal mangrove to converse to culture ponds, salinization of groundwater and land, pollution of receiving waters from pond effluents, biodiversity issues from the collection of wild seed and broodstock; introduction and transfer of exotic species, spread diseases and misuse of chemicals (Lewis et al., 2003; Pillay, 2004; Primavera, 2006; FAO, 2011). The socioeconomic impacts consist of privatization of public lands and waterways and social conflicts between aquaculturists and other aquatic resource users, loss of fisheries livelihoods, food insecurity, and urban migration (Lewis et al., 2003; Primavera, 2006).